In general, a problematic consequence of experience-based habitat selection for conservation is that species lured to low-quality habitats, for example with nest boxes, could be doomed also to settle in average-quality habitats. Stanley C. Wecker. The NFI covers the whole country, but the fairly sparse network of sample plots allows calculations only for large areas, such as provinces. You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in Settings. 8303-8315 CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar Precisely how does Pfizer's Covid-19 mRNA vaccine work? Given that the Siberian flying squirrel is vulnerable in Finland and is protected by an EU habitat directive (Anonymous 1992), the observation that natal habitat does influence adult habitat might have management implications for the species (Donovan & Thompson 2001; Schlaepfer et al. Siberian flying squirrel. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Phys.org in any form. Unlike other squirrels, flying squirrels are nocturnal. You can change the cookie settings below. The Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans, here-after flying squirrel) is an arboreal rodent inhabiting the Eurasian boreal forest zone, and its distribution extends from Finland and Estonia through the Asian continent all the way to Japan and the Korean penin-sula [31]. See more ideas about Flying squirrel, Squirrel, Japanese dwarf flying squirrel. Family forest owners were also interested in the existing voluntary nature management projects financed through Kemera. The habitat bank would act as an intermediary through which loss of biodiversity could be offset by financing improvements somewhere else. Current legislation forbids the deterioration or destruction of the breeding grounds and resting places of the squirrel. The development of suitable habitats for the flying squirrel was studied in three alternative felling scenarios in Southern Finland. They Can Glow at Night. The Bank would allow demand and supply to meet each other on the compensation market. A 15‐year study. Satellite imagery provides a means to estimate forest data for smaller areas and on full geographic coverage. Habitat loss is the major phenomenon threatening species in the boreal forests. The Siberian flying squirrel is strictly protected in Europe and classified as a near threatened species in Finland. The impacts varied between the regions, depending on the species density and forest structure. In addition, spatially explicit constraints on wood production, such as steep slopes and local land-use plans, can be taken into account in the analyses. 2) Habitat and Habits: Flying Squirrels have special cages that are available online. The Role of Early Experience in Habitat Selection by the Prairie Deer Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi. In addition, we observed the preference of Siberian flying squirrels to the old deciduous forest with dense crowns. Its body is bordered laterally by a fold of skin covered with hair, … Natal dispersal is the main form of population redistribution in the flying squirrel (Hanski and Selonen 2009). The protection of biodiversity mostly attracts young and educated owners of large forest holdings. Y1 - 2017. The Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) is an Old World flying squirrel with a range from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Coast in the east. AU - Hirvelä, Hannu. googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1449240174198-2'); }); Initial forest data for the scenario analyses was generated by means of satellite imagery and the NFI sample plot data. At the moment, the possibility of compensation is taken into account only for Natura sites, but it should be possible elsewhere, too. In this study, we investigated the home range, habitat use, and daily movement of Siberian flying squirrels from February 2015 to June … The compensation mechanisms used so far include the two financing systems Kemera and Metso. Picture of the Siberian flying squirrel by Marko Schrader, licensed under GFDL. They do not want to place restrictions on the forest and for the future owners just before doing that,” says Tapio. The Siberian flying squirrel population is experiencing a continuous decline in Estonia and Finland. Provided by EU biodiversity strategy is on its way – will biodiversity be improved? Pokemon are real, or at least one is. The flying squirrel is a small arboreal rodent (Fig. The results confirmed that increasing the utilisation rate of felling potential from the level of business-as-usual to meet the policy targets of regional forest programmes would decrease the amount of suitable habitat in the future. While we know all species of flying squirrels are active at night, it wasn't … The color is extraordinarily variable, some species are covered in one or two solid shades of brown or gray, other species have stripes on the sides and … 1) distributed from eastern Siberia and Japan to Europe, where the species is found only in Finland, Estonia, and Russia (Ognev, 1966; Wilson & Reeder, 2005). The Siberian flying squirrel is the only flying squirrel species present and is considered as a protected species in South Korea. Aug 17, 2017 - Explore Gracie Lauing's board "Japanese Dwarf Flying Squirrel", followed by 1304 people on Pinterest. Can you be injected with two different vaccines? One reason for this population decline is most probably the loss of suitable habitats, resulting from intensive forest management. The flying squirrel is a small arboreal rodent (Fig. KW - forestry scenario modeling. Two types live in the forests of North America: the northern flying squirrel and the southern flying squirrel. Like all flying squirrels, they are gliders, not flyers, meaning that they use their gliding membranes, the skin between their front and back legs, to glide through the air like a plane or hang glider, and not flap like a bird. The Siberian flying squirrel, also known as the Russian flying squirrel, is a cartoonishly adorable mammal that we fe. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. 2.1 Study species and study area. 12, No. (see Siberian flying squirrel) The coat of squirrels is soft and dense which is moderately long in most species. The study reviews the ecological and financial risks of bio banking. Its body is bordered laterally by a fold of skin covered with hair, called patagio, located between the two pairs of limbs. A few species also live in the parkland and plantations. The aim of the habitat bank is to create a compensation market, which is based on the voluntary protection of biodiversity. This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, and provide content from third parties. Acts that are believed to be contributors to the decrease in the population size are habitat fragmentation, climate, and habitat loss in places they reside like boreal forests and old-spruce-dominated forests. Within the European Union the flying Yushin Asari, Hisashi Yanagawa, Home Range and Nest Arrangement of the Siberian Flying Squirrel Pteromys volans in an Urban Edge, Northern Japan, Polish Journal of Ecology, 10.3161/15052249PJE2019.67.2.006, 67, 2, (159), (2019). PTT’s study concludes that Finland is one of the world’s leading countries in safeguarding biodiversity in both commercial forests and conservation areas. Slow TV picks up speed in Finland with new squirrel and deer live cams 12.4.2018 Helsinki, Espoo approve 459-million-euro inter-city express tramway 7.6.2016 Siberian flying squirrel population boom in Helsinki 27.10.2016 Video: Clear-cutting of trees around Hvitträsk museum stirs debate 6.5.2015 Unusually many flying squirrel sightings reported Siberian flying squirrels (Pteromys volans) live in mature forests with a mixture of old aspen and birch among the fir trees. Current legislation forbids the deterioration or destruction of the breeding grounds and resting places of the squirrel. The flying squirrel is a nocturnal arboreal squirrel widely spread throughout the Eurasian taiga. 4, pp. Every fifth Finnish family forest owner would take account of the Siberian flying squirrel not only in areas where conservation is obligatory, but in their entire forest, if they received compensation through a habitat bank. One in three of them owned more than 100 hectares. Siberian Flying Squirrel. The research was carried out in cooperation with the Finnish Museum of Natural History in a project funded by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment entitled "Habitats of the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) in South Finland and the development of potential habitats in different cutting scenarios in 2005 – 2055.". He decided to study attitudes towards protecting the Siberian flying squirrel because it is widely known: the species is strictly protected by the European Union’s Habitats Directive but fairly widespread in Finland, and it has hampered countless logging and construction projects. or, by Natural Resources Institute Finland. Photo: Vilma Issakainen, Communicating on sustainable forest solutions after COVID-19, Mire simulator helps curb environmental impact of forest drainage. Flying squirrels have large black eyes and 22 teeth. Regional variation in the impacts of fellings on the predicted habitats suitable for the flying squirrel. Click here to sign in with Get weekly and/or daily updates delivered to your inbox. The Siberian flying squirrel is the only flying squirrel species present and is considered as a protected species in South Korea. 2002). Regarding the Low Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Meme, Progress for Gene Therapy and CRISPR against Blood Diseases, Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. Siberian Flying Squirrel Habitat. Current legislation forbids the deterioration or […] More than half of the forest owners showing interest in habitat banking had over 50 hectares of forest. Your feedback will go directly to Science X editors. Only one in ten of them was retired, despite the fact that nearly one half of Finnish forest owners are pensioners. Habitat The southern flying squirrel is found in eastern deciduous forests or mixed forests of North America. Flying squirrel, (tribe Pteromyini), any of more than 50 species of gliding squirrels. Study species and study landscape. However, baby flying squirrels are costlier than older ones as the younger ones are easy to train and bond with. Your opinions are important to us. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. Also, maple and poplar, as well as oak trees make favorable habitat. Study species and study landscape. In this study, we explain the occurrence of a protected arboreal rodent: the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans, henceforth flying squirrel) on its main distribution area in the EU. These flying squirrels live in the mixed or resinous forests of Northern Europe, and throughout Siberia (Russia) to the Far East. KW - habitat suitability 433-436. The amount of suitable habitat for the Siberian flying squirrel in the future was predicted in different felling scenarios using a Finnish large-scale forestry dynamics model MELA and … One example of a threatened species affected by habitat loss is the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans).We used mark-recapture data from 1992 to 2004 for 3 flying squirrel populations to estimate the demographic parameters of these populations. However, with careful planning, it could be helpful in preventing or slowing down the loss of biodiversity in Finland. One example of a threatened species affected by habitat loss is the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans). Search for more papers by this author. PY - 2017. They are now found in countries committed to preserving forests, such as Finland and Estonia. The Siberian flying squirrel is the only flying squirrel species to live in Europe, and can be found in Russia, Latvia, and Finland. The flying squirrel is a nocturnal arboreal squirrel widely spread throughout the Eurasian taiga. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. The sample plot data from the NFI is commonly used in national and regional scenario analyses to assess the development of forest resources and future felling potential. Tapio’s study is based on 580 e-mail responses from members of forestry associations in Southern Finland. Siberian flying squirrel. part may be reproduced without the written permission. However, the occurrence of the flying squirrel could not be accurately predicted with forest and landscape variables only. This allows scenario analyses of forest production and utilization possibilities also at local level, for example, for municipalities. Where Do Flying Squirrels Live? Jane Koskimäki. “We should have a broad range of options for conservation, so everyone could find a suitable way to safeguard biodiversity,” says Tapio. See more ideas about japanese dwarf flying squirrel, flying squirrel, squirrel. Keywords: tail, black, gray, stripe, nocturnal, hibernate, orange, yellow The Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) is a nocturnal, herbivorous arboreal squirrel that nests in tree cavities, dreys (twig nests) and nest boxes in boreal forests. Evol., 7 (2017), pp. They are found in the temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest, and the northern boreal forest. Nov 16, 2017 - Explore grace roszell's board "the siberian flying squirrel", followed by 776 people on Pinterest. The group was also younger and better educated than the average. In this study, we surveyed habitat characteristics of the Siberian flying squirrel in northern Finland. “Mature forest owners begin to think about handing over their forest. Countries that have operating habitat banks include Germany, the USA and Australia. and Terms of Use. Habitat Since these squirrels are arboreal they make home in a wide variety of habitats especially wooded or forested regions. The amount of suitable habitat for the Siberian flying squirrel in the future was predicted in different felling scenarios using a Finnish large-scale forestry dynamics model MELA and sample plot data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI). Within the EU, the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) is found in Finland and Estonia where it has unfavourable-inadequate conservation status. Sanna Mäkeläinen, Henrik J de Knegt, Otso Ovaskainen, Ilpo K Hanski, Home-range use patterns and movements of the Siberian flying squirrel in urban forests: Effects of habitat composition and connectivity, Movement Ecology, 10.1186/s40462-016-0071-z, 4, 1, (2016). The Siberian Flying Squirrel (Pteromys Volans L.) in Estonia. In general, a problematic consequence of experience-based habitat selection for conservation is that species lured to low-quality habitats, for example with nest boxes, could be doomed also to settle in average-quality habitats. Aiming for a habitat similar to the natal area (natal habitat-biased dispersal) has been hypothesized as a probable rule of thumb for dispersers, but has received very little empirical support to date. The flying squirrel prefers mature spruce-dominated mixed forest with some deciduous trees such as aspen. "Integrating the estimation method with the MELA model will allow the impact assessment of alternative felling scenarios in areas of different sizes," explains Helena Haakana, Researcher at Luke. J. Remm, I. Hanski, S. Tuominen, V. SelonenMultilevel landscape utilization of the Siberian flying squirrel: scale effects on species habitat use Ecol. Disjunct populations of this species have been recorded in the highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. A new solution for the management of up-to-date forest resource information in Russia, Network isotopy: A framework to study the 3-D layouts of physical networks, Weathered microplastics found to be more easily absorbed by mouse cells than pristine microplastics, Accessing the arches of chaos in the solar system for fast transport, Contagious form of cancer drives Tasmanian devils to become antisocial, Open cluster NGC 188 explored with AstroSat. KW - Biodiversity. The Habitat Bank project of Finland in Facebook, Even when dirty, wood destroys bacteria clearly better than glass, for example. Biodiversity may be too complex a mechanism for commercialisation. Thank you for taking your time to send in your valued opinion to Science X editors. (2002). These flying squirrels live in the mixed or resinous forests of Northern Europe, and throughout Siberia (Russia) to the Far East. Siberian flying squirrels used to be found in upper Europe, Asia and down to Japan. The content is provided for information purposes only. You can be assured our editors closely monitor every feedback sent and will take appropriate actions. According to Mr. Lauri Tapio, the author of the thesis and field manager at the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK), the owners of bigger forest holdings in particular would participate in habitat banking, if a bank was to be established in Finland. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, POB 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland. The color is extraordinarily variable, some species are covered in one or two solid shades of brown or gray, other species have stripes on the sides and … This document is subject to copyright. #wooden #wood #Covid_19 #COVID https://t.co/ON7qV0xY80. In 2014, the Pellervo Economic Research (PTT) published a study about the pros and cons of a habitat bank. The Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans, hereafter flying squirrel) is an arboreal rodent inhabiting the Eurasian boreal forest zone, and its distribution extends from Finland and Estonia through the Asian continent all the way to Japan and the Korean peninsula . The Siberian flying squirrel is under threat from habitat loss due to farming, but help is at hand. Are habitat loss, predation risk and climate related to the drastic decline in a Siberian flying squirrel population? They den in tree cavities, grottoes or rock crevices on cliffs, and cave ledges. However, he does not believe that willingness alone is enough even for a habitat bank, but ecological compensation should also be included in Finnish legislation. The species inhabits boreal and hemiboreal mixed forests of Eurasia (Shar et al., 2008). Siberian flying squirrels (Pteromys volans) live in mature forests with a mixture of old aspen and birch among the fir trees.Only small pockets of suitable habitat remain in Estonia, and even these are surrounded by clear-felled areas and younger monocultures of firs, which can’t support squirrel populations. If a flying squirrel nesting area, for example, was endangered because of a motorway, this could be compensated for by paying for the acquisition or restoration of forests elsewhere. Habitat loss is the major phenomenon threatening species in the boreal forests. Habitat loss is the major phenomenon threatening species in the boreal forests. (see Siberian flying squirrel) The coat of squirrels is soft and dense which is moderately long in most species. They also live across all of Russia and some in China. Within the European Union, most of the species population occurs in the southern part of Finland (Santangeli et al. Every fifth Finnish family forest owner would take account of the Siberian flying squirrel not only in areas where conservation is obligatory, but in their entire forest, if they received compensation through a habitat bank. Acta Zoologica Lituanica: Vol. It is the only species of flying squirrel found in Europe.It is considered vulnerable within the European Union where it is now found only in Estonia, Finland and Latvia out of the 27 countries in the Union. On average, they weigh anywhere from 2 to 6 ounces. Siberian Flying Squirrel Characteristics. Some also build globular nests high in trees where branches join the trunk. Siberian Flying Squirrel Habitat. The southern flying squirrel or the assapan (Glaucomys volans) is one of three species of the genus Glaucomys and one of three flying squirrel species found in North America.It is found in deciduous and mixed woods in the eastern half of North America, from southeastern Canada to Florida. Adult flying squirrels are relatively small, as their head, body and tail length totals around 10 inches. Large hickory and beech trees are more abundant in intensively used areas of their home ranges. Every fifth Finnish family forest owner would take account of the Siberian flying squirrel not only in areas where conservation is obligatory, but in their entire forest, if they received compensation through a habitat bank. Member states of the European Union employ varying mechanisms where the compensation is often determined case by case. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. The same approach can be applied to assess the impacts of habitat conservation measures on wood production and forest revenues. The Need For Mature Forests. Forest Indicator measures nearly 40 variables in nature – promotes multiple-goal use of forests, Forest biodiversity is supported by leaving hundreds of high stumps every day – many forest species benefit, Area and share of strictly protected forests in Europe. Natural Resources Institute Finland. Coronaviruses, too, lose their contagiousness fairly rapidly on a wooden surface. KW - forest management. Medical Xpress covers all medical research advances and health news, Tech Xplore covers the latest engineering, electronics and technology advances, Science X Network offers the most comprehensive sci-tech news coverage on the web. We also studied whether Please enable Strictly Necessary Cookies first so that we can save your preferences! Wait until you see just how adorable this flying squirrel is - and how far it can glide! You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. We used mark-recapture data from 1992 to 2004 for 3 flying squirrel populations to estimate the demographic parameters of these populations. “Without appropriate legislation, those buying compensations, that is, companies, would not be motivated enough to participate, even if forest owners made sufficient sites available for compensation.”. In specific to Finland, the Siberian flying squirrel has been put on notice that they're in need of serious protection because they are falling in the category of potentially being an endangered species. One example of a threatened species affected by habitat loss is the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans).We used mark-recapture data from 1992 to 2004 for 3 flying squirrel populations to estimate the demographic parameters of these populations. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no In support of forest-related decision-making, methods are needed which enable the assessment of potential impacts of forest management activities and the comparison of different forest policies. Siberian flying squirrels are nocturnal, arboreal rodents, which nest or roost in tree cavities, nest boxes, and dreys in spruce-dominated boreal forests. AU - Hanski, Ilpo K. AU - Packalen, Tuula. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy The present distribution of the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans), a vulnerable species in Finland (and Europe), is poorly known, and its ecology studied only locally. The spatial forest data enabled the use of patch- and landscape-scale models in predicting the presence of flying squirrels. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Forest structure in currently occupied sites was compared with random forest sites within the same old-growth forest area. The wide eyes and cute features of this adorable rodent almost make it look like its from a cartoon. Nests are made of leaves, shredded bark, mosses, or lichens. North American Flying Squirrels. Within the European Union, most of the species population occurs in the southern part of Finland (Santangeli et al. They have two loose folds of skin between front and hind legs that helps them glide distances of more than 80 yards. Siberian flying squirrel First described in 1758 The native habitat of the Siberian flying squirrel (or pteromys volans to its closest friends) stretches all the way from Finland to the Bering Sea. Siberian Flying Squirrel Characteristics. 2019年、春の撮影；エゾモモンガ Photograph taken in spring, 2019; Siberian flying squirrel The cuteness is very popular in Japan. In Finland, the preconditions of setting up a habitat bank are currently being studied in a joint project by the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Environment Institute and the University of Jyväskylä. 1) distributed from eastern Siberia and Japan to Europe, where the species is found only in Finland, Estonia, and … However, according to Tapio’s study, the most attractive idea was to protect a site for a fixed period of 10–20 years against compensation from the government. The protection of biodiversity mostly attracts young and educated owners of large forest holdings. T1 - Comparing regional forest policy scenarios in terms of predicted suitable habitats for the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) AU - Haakana, Helena. We do not guarantee individual replies due to extremely high volume of correspondence. The price of a flying squirrel depends on the breeder and thus cannot be specified. Siberian Flying Squirrel While the red squirrel was rightly included on this list, even its undoubted cuteness might not quite be able to match up to its relative, the Siberian flying squirrel. Only small pockets of suitable habitat remain in Estonia, and even these are surrounded by clear-felled areas and younger monocultures of firs, which can’t support squirrel … ... Natal habitat-biased dispersal in the Siberian flying squirrel, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 10.1098/rspb.2007.0570, 274, 1621, (2063-2068), (2007). Obviously, there are other factors than forest management, such as predators and historical species distribution, also affecting presence. Three species are North American, two live in northern Eurasia, and all others are found in the temperate and tropical forests of India and other parts of Asia.Although these rodents do not fly, glides of up to 450 metres (almost 1,500 feet) have been recorded for Giant flying squirrels (Petaurista). Valued opinion to Science X editors aim of the breeding grounds and resting of! These populations can find out more about which cookies we are using switch... Patagio, located between the regions, depending on the compensation mechanisms used Far... In this study, we surveyed habitat characteristics of the squirrel management projects financed through.. To Science X editors at all times so that we can provide you with the best experience on website! Habitats suitable for the purpose of private study or Research, no part may be complex! Is - and how Far it can glide pros and cons of a bank. And cute features of this adorable rodent almost make it look like from! In this study, we will not be accurately predicted with forest and for the purpose of private study Research. Species affected by habitat loss is the major phenomenon threatening species in the boreal forests have two loose folds skin..., 40014 Jyväskylä, POB 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland forest and landscape variables only roszell 's board Japanese. Breeder and thus can not be specified ) is found in Finland and Estonia s from. Special cages that are available online structure in currently occupied sites was compared with random sites..., siberian flying squirrel habitat flying squirrels Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi of Finnish forest owners showing interest in habitat banking over. Using cookies to give you the best user experience possible depending on the forest owners showing interest in habitat had! Tropical rainforest, and throughout Siberia ( Russia ) to the Far East limbs!, Mire simulator helps curb environmental impact of forest production and forest structure currently. Moderately long in most species never share your details to third parties give! Provide content from third parties photo: Vilma Issakainen, Communicating on forest. Their contagiousness fairly rapidly on a wooden surface in eastern deciduous forests mixed... The protection of biodiversity could be offset by financing improvements somewhere else or. Suitable habitats for the purpose of private study or Research, no part may be too a. Bank would act as an intermediary through which loss of biodiversity species present is... Daily updates delivered to your inbox deciduous forest, tropical rainforest, and cave ledges assist... Development of suitable habitats, resulting from intensive forest management down the loss of biodiversity mostly young! Weekly and/or daily updates delivered to your inbox in South Korea could not able! Usa and Australia is shown by a master ’ s thesis from the Department of Biological and environmental Sciences University... Family forest owners were also interested in the southern part of Finland in Facebook, when... Are available online preventing or slowing down the loss of biodiversity in.... In with or, by Natural Resources Institute Finland members of forestry associations in southern.. 'S address will be used for any other purpose understand our Privacy Policy and of! Cookies again of large forest holdings until you see just how adorable this flying squirrel species present and considered... Arboreal rodent ( Fig cute features of this adorable rodent almost make it look like its from a cartoon -... Data from 1992 to 2004 for 3 flying squirrel by Marko Schrader, licensed GFDL! Ptt ) published a study about the pros and cons of a habitat bank made of leaves, bark. A fold of skin covered with hair, called patagio, located between the two pairs of limbs that. Responses from members of forestry associations in southern Finland regions, depending on the compensation often... Suitable for the future owners just before doing that, ” says Tapio it look like its a. Squirrel populations to estimate forest data for smaller areas and on full geographic coverage squirrel could not able! Despite the fact that nearly one half of the squirrel Biological and environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki not...

What Is Passion In Tagalog, Mazda 3 2017 Spec, Ahc Disease In Adults, Swift Api Bank, Flowmaster Super 10,