They had to bring together people with different cultures and customs. When the new caliphate was established the capital was moved from Damascus to Baghdad. Within a period of one hundred years, the Umayyads had expanded their empire into Asia, Africa and Europe (Hawting 56). Therefore, Muawiya allowed many of the local government workers in conquered provinces to keep their jobs under the new Umayyad government. The Umayyads expanded Muslim rule in two ways above all. How did the Umayyad empire fall? Under their rule, which lasted from 661 to 750 AD, the early Islamic community was transformed into the most powerful empire of the day. In many ways, the Umayyads defined how an Islamic Empire would be ruled. The Umayyads (661–749 C.E.) And, just like with ‘Uthman, the murder of ‘Ali took place during prayers. The Abbasids took the support of Persians to overthrow the Umayyad caliphate. •By the early 700s, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain in the west to the steppes of Central Asia in the East. The Umayyad Caliphate, which emerged after the Rashidun Caliphate collapsed, was characterized by hereditary elections and territory expansion. • While Umayyad Dynasty ruled for nearly 100 years from 661 to 750 AD, Abbasid Dynasty, that overthrew Umayyad Dynasty, ruled for nearly 500 years (750 AD to 1258 AD). View this answer. The Umayyads used bureaucracy to govern their empire In 661, ‘Ali suffered the same fate as his predecessor when a Khariji stabbed him to death. would rule the Islamic Empire for nearly 100 years. Likewise, what did the Umayyads do? To where did the Abbasids moved the capital city of the Islamic Caliphate, and why? Further Expansion. How did the Umayyads rule? In addition to the jizya, the old Sassanid land tax (known in Arabic as Kharaj) was also adopted. While... See full answer below. Government The Umayyads built a unified empire based on a strong government, a common language, and a common coinage. As a matter of practicality, the jizya replaced the Sassanid poll taxes, which tended to be much higher than the jizya. The Umayyads saw a great expansion of Islamic empire and were responsible for building a highly efficient and lasting governmental structure. The Great Mosque in Córdoba. By using Islamic Armies, the Umayyads expanded their empire into North Africa, Spain, and Central Asia. How did Umayyads treat people they conquered. Islam as a religion began to expand to places not yet conquered by the Umayyad Caliphs and their armies, resulting in an expansion of the Islamic World that was greater than the size of the actual E… The Berbers, recently subdued and superficially Islamized , were usually in charge of the most difficult tasks and the most rugged terrains, similar to the ones found in their north African homeland, while the Arabs occupied the gentler plains of southern Iberia. […] Muawiyah I established his capital in the city of Damascus where the Umayyads. Abbasid had been content with inherited empire while Umayyad’s were aggressive and espoused expansion militarily. The fact that both caliphates managed their administration duties from their capital cities creates a common similarity between them two. 8.9: The Umayyad Caliphate. With the help of a coalition of Persians, Iraqis, and Shīʿites, they put an end to the Umayyad dynasty with a victory against them at … How did the Umayyad dynasty come to power? Salam; There are some major reasons for the Umayyad dynasty's collapse. They also established a common coinage. The Rise of the Umayyads The Rise of the Umayyads In 661 A.D., the fourth Rightly Guided Caliph, Ali, was assassinated after a short period of time in … Umayyads, were the members of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661 to 750. This powerful Meccan clan was set up after the death of Ali. Umayyad directed a conquest that would extended from Spain and Morocco all the way to the Indus River Valley. The conquest was enabling the spread of Islam and Muslim civilization. Abbasid Dynasty was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258 AD. Retreat was NOT an option. How did the Abbasids impact the Islamic Empire? Only after the Umayyads had been decisively defeated did the Abbasids reveal their claim to the caliphate, centering its claims to legitimacy on descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle al-˓Abbas. The Umayyads also extended the empire’s eastern boundary into Persia (Hawting 47-48). Syria remained the Umayyads’ main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. They also created government bodies called "diwans" that handled different government agencies. In an attempt to spread Islam: Umayyad’s conquered Spain. Although the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan Hemar, was one of the valor and courageous caliph amongst Umawid caliphs, he could not save the government. These remarkable architectural and artistic achievements are associated with the Umayyads, “first” dynasty of the Islamic World. First, military success. This dynasty ruled from 750-1258. Government The Umayyads expanded Muslim rule to the east and westward into Europe. the Umayyad Empire struggled to find proper political comfort within the choosing of their caliph, but maintained their sacred religion. Thus, much of the local government's work was recorded in Greek, Coptic, and Persian. Thus, one big difference between the two dynasties lies in their orientation towards the Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! First and foremost, they promoted Islam as the dominant religion of their empire. What factors contributed to the success of the Umayyad conquests? Umayyads, were the members of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661 to 750. They divided the empire into provinces that were each ruled by a governor appointed by the Caliph. The Persian bureaucracy slowly replaced the old Arab aristocracy as the Abbasids established the new positions of vizier and emir to delegate their central authority. Government By 750, religious and political differences caused the Muslim Empire to split. The Umayyads also oversaw a rapid expansion of territory, extending as far west as Spain and as far east as India, allowing both Islam and the Arabic language to spread over a vast area. Additionally, he embarked on a massive expansion of the Islamic empire. The conquest was enabling the spread of Islam and Muslim civilization. Umayyad Muslims are referred to as Sunni Muslims while Abbasid Muslims are called the Shiites. The Umayads were the first Muslim dynasty — that is, they were the first rulers of the Islamic Empire to pass down power within their family. The Umayyads extended their empire east and west What method did the Umayyads use to govern their empire? They expanded from Central Asia, to all of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Abbasid dynasty came to power by overthrowing the Umayyad Empire. The Umayyad Caliphate became one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents. By the early 700s, the Umayyads had a huge empire that covered many lands. the Sasanian Empire) but rather to restore the “rightful position of the prophet’s family” in a new and “just” caliphate. ʿAbd al-Malik implemented a broad program of Arabization, making Arabic the official language of administration, creating an Arabized class of administrators, and creating Arabic coinage for the empire. It carried the war against Byzantium into Asia Minor and besieged Constantinople; eastward it penetrated into Khorasan, Turkistan, and northwestern India; and, spreading along the northern coast of Africa, it occupied much of Spain. It is the fifth largest empire in history. Comparing and Contrasting the Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties The Umayyads The Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 A.D. The Umayyad caliphs could be startlingly brilliant both militarily and politically. The first four post-Mohammad Caliphs are often termed the “Rashidun Caliphate”, where Rashidun means rightly guided. It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic: بنو أمية ‎, Banu Umayyah) who came from Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. The empire came first, the state came later. The Umayyads modeled their government after the Byzantines (Eastern Roman Empire) who had previously ruled much of the land conquered by the Umayyads. The Islamic Caliphate became one of the largest unitary states in history, and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia). These peoples, clustered around the banner of the Umayyads, did not mix together, remaining in separate towns and boroughs. This was the first time that an empire matched the size of Rome, and no empire had ever been built so rapidly. They used military forces and treaties. Their political capital was located in Damascus, a city in Syria. For all that, the Umayyads, during the ninety years of their leadership, rarely shook off their empire's reputation as a mulk - that is, a worldly kingdom - and in the last years of the dynasty their opponents formed a secret organization devoted to pressing the claims to the caliphate put forward by a descendant of al-'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of the Prophet. The Dome of the Rock. Then began attacking the Kingdom of the Franks. The geographical spread of the Islamic empire did not directly correlate with the spread of Islam as a religion among the inhabitants of conquered territories. The Umayyads built a unified empire in several key ways. The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE, supporting the mawali, or non-Arab Muslims, by moving the capital to Baghdad in 762 CE. Damascus was the capital from 661–744, Harrran from 744–750, and in exile their capital was Córdoba (756–1031). It was the largest empire in the world at the time. What methods did the Umayyads use … Fiery Determination: The Umayyad’s were determined to take the Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal) after crossing from Africa, they burned their boats. Revision 5.8 “The Umayyads” September 21, 2020 Dan Peterson. It succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate when Muawiyah I became Caliph after the First Muslim Civil War. The army, mainly Arab and largely Syrian, extended the frontiers of Islam. The border was further pushed into Central Asia. After the death of their prophet, Muhammad, the Umayyads had to choose who would be their next caliph. PICTURED ABOVE: The territories conquered by the early Islamic expansionists. Later, the Umayyad Empire would change their ideas leading to the fall of the empire. Just so, how did the Abbasid caliphates differ from the Umayyads in their rule from 750 to the 1250s? Umayyad’s focused upon military expansion and conquer of territories while Abbasids favored expansion of knowledge. Key Points. As the empire grew, the number of qualified Arab workers was too small to keep up with the rapid expansion of the empire. The Umayyads were the first Muslim dynasty—that is, they were the first rulers of the Islamic Empire to pass down power within their family. This powerful Meccan clan was set up after the death of Ali. The Great Mosque in Damascus. Umayyad: Umayyad Empire was founded by the Umayyad family of Mecca. Abbasid: This dynasty ruled from 750 to 1258. Umayyad: This dynasty ruled from 661 to 750. Abbasid: Abbasid is the third caliphate. Umayyad: Umayyad is the second caliphate. Abbasid: Non-Arabic Muslims were given special privileges in the court. The Umayyad Caliphate became one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents. Under their rule, which lasted from 661 to 750 AD, the early Islamic community was transformed into the most powerful empire of the day. Syria - Syria - The Umayyads: The early Umayyad period was one of strength and expansion. The Umayyad dynasty undertook its administration work from Damascus while Abbasid did so from Baghdad. The Umayyads are known for establishing Arabic as the official language of the empire. The Umayyads modeled their government after the Byzantines (Eastern Roman Empire) who had previously ruled much of the land conquered by the Umayyads. The Umayyad Caliphate ruled the Islamic Empire from 661-750 CE. Under the Umayyads, the caliphate territory grew rapidly. The two caliphates managed their administration duties from their capital points. According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad [saw] both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca . Loss to the ʿAbbasids Seeing the weaknesses of the Umayyads, they declared a revolt in 747. How did the Umayyads build a united empire? After the death of Muhammad in 632, a series of four caliphs (Arabic: khalifa, “successor”), known as the Rightly Guided, succeeded.Under their command, the Arab armies carried the new faith from Arabia to the shores of the Mediterranean and to the eastern reaches of Iran. The Umayyad Caliphate, which emerged after the Rashidun Caliphate collapsed, was characterized by hereditary elections and territory expansion. . Many Muslims felt that the Umayyads had become too secular and were not following the ways of Islam. Groups of people including the followers of Ali, non-Arab Muslims, and the Kharjites began to rebel causing turmoil in the empire. In 750, the Abbasids, a rival clan to the Umayyads, rose to power and overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate. They brutally destroyed the Umayyads by killing them and all the remains of their families. Umayyad directed a conquest that would extended from Spain and Morocco all the way to the Indus River Valley. Thus, when a revolution, carried out primarily by non-Arab Muslims, did overthrow the caliphate the victors did not opt to restore their ancestral polity (i.e. To govern their empire, the Umayyads introduced a system of government called a bureaucracy, or a system of departments and agencies that carry out Umar had liberal policies towards dhimmis, adopted to make the conquered less rebellious and more receptive to Arab colonization. In which directions from their capital in Damascus did the Umayyads expand their empire? Yazid I and several other Umayyad Caliphs were relativelyintolerant of those who were not Arab and Sunni Muslim. Mu’awiya ruled in a time when Muslim factions fought about the nature of their government, and how religious or secular it should be. They divided the empire into provinces that were each ruled by a governor appointed by the Caliph. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) After the assassination of Mohammed’s son-in-law and cousin, Ali, a group called the Umayyads came to power and chose Mu’awiya as the fifth caliph. Between 661 and 750 C.E.

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